Ekka (Kannada) [2025] (Aananda)

Vam method. However, VAM is an iterative procedure such that in each .

Vam method. 1. we just solvemore Definition: The Vogel’s Approximation Method or VAM is an iterative procedure calculated to find out the initial feasible solution of the transportation problem. In the numerical experiences we compare the results of the new approach with other classical methods to verify the efficiency of the new method. 馃懆‍馃彨 Individual attention for classroom batches, ready to resolve queries from students 馃懇‍馃彨 Learn from May 10, 2024 路 Operation Research:Transportation Problem:To find initial solution, there are three methods. Test your knowledge now! Oct 10, 2024 路 transportation problem vogel's approximation method, transportation problem vam method, vogels approximation methos, transportation problem, vam method trans Operation Research:Transportation Problem:To find initial solution, there are three methods. In this study, we used the VAM, since it generally produces better starting solution than other solving methods. In addition to the northwest corner and intuitive lowest-cost methods of setting an initial solution to transportation problems, we introduce one other important technique—Vogel’s approximation method (VAM). This tutorial covers initial solutions, optimization, and examples. Method: Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) Vogel’s approximation method yields an initial basic feasible solution which is very close to the optimum solution. e. It gives better starting solution as compared to … Variational Asymptotic Method (VAM) is a powerful mathematical approach to simplify the process of finding stationary points for a described functional by taking advantage of small parameters. VAM fabricates parts by selectively delivering energy to all points in 3D space within a medium to cause one or more reactions to generate a physical part. #modimethod #transportationproblem Here is the video about Transportation Problem in Modi Method or we can say U-V Method using Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), optimal solution in operation May 5, 2020 路 #degeneracy #transportationproblem Here is the video about degeneracy Transportation Problem in Modi Method or we can say U-V Method using Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), optimal solution in Jun 10, 2023 路 Introduction to Vogel's Approximation Method|Transportation Problem|Linear Programming|Dream Maths Hi Dear, In this video you will learn about Vogel's Approximation Method. 36K subscribers Subscribed Hi everyone In this video i am explaining Optimum Solution in Transportation problem using UV method ll Operations Research in telugu ll UV method 1. Using a new laser-based Volumetric Additive Manufacturing Dec 4, 2024 路 In this video, we dive into the Unbalanced Transportation Problem and explore how to solve it using the Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) with a focus on handling ties in penalty. The document describes the Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) and Modified Distribution Method (MODI) for solving transportation problems. Army Asymmetric Warfare Group has used the Vulnerability Assessment Method (VAM) for a variety of large-scale interagency exercises at the operational and theater levels and previously commissioned a handbook for that purpose. About 90% of 30000 vascular plants including agricultural crops, fruit and forest trees develop this type of mycorrhizae. VAM is used to calculate the initial basic feasible solution to a transportation problem. VAM is the synergy of variational principles and asymptotic approaches. They also have a broad ecological Sep 9, 2020 路 Comparison methods For comparative evaluation of the VAM method on both simulated and real scRNA-seq data, we used methods from each of the existing categories of single sample gene set testing methods. Jul 12, 2025 路 In this article, the Vogel's Approximation method will be discussed. The MODI (modified distribution) method allows us to compute improvement indices quickly for each unused square without drawing all of the closed paths. As the problem is unbalanced, I know that I have to add a dummy column to balance i Mar 15, 2016 路 In addition to the northwest corner and intuitive lowest-cost methods of setting an initial solution to transportation problems, we introduce one other important technique—Vogel’s See this Play List to watch Transportation problem collections. VAM is an iterative procedure that finds an initial feasible solution for transportation problems by assigning penalties to each row and column. May 7, 2020 路 #assignmentproblemminimizationHere is the video of assignment problem in hungarian method in hindi in operation Research . Vogel's Approximation Method is widely used in supply chain logistics optimization. 2) Identify largest penalty and assign lowest cost variable the highest possible value, crossing out exhausted row or column. List of videos: Transportation problem | Vogel's approximation method (VAM) | Northwest Corne This Transportation Problem has been solved with two techniques for solving transportation problems: the MODI method and Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM). Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) In this article, you will learn one of the most commonly used methods to find an initial feasible solution to a transportation problem called the North-west corner rule. Apr 21, 2024 路 VAM method in transportation problem | Vogel's approximation method | Initial feasible solution Sachin Education Hub 46K subscribers 5 Nov 3, 2020 路 Hi everyoneMinimum Cost Method and Penalty Cost or VAM Method in Transformation llvogelsapproximation in telugulike ,share and comment Please do subscribe fo Apr 4, 2022 路 Comparison of NWCM, LCM, & VAM Methods of Transportation Model in Amharic Sami Tutorial 18K subscribers Subscribed Jan 3, 2022 路 Transportation Problem Solution using northwest corner, least cost cell & vogel's approximation method (VAM). A. 馃搾鈴〤omment Below If This Video Helped You 馃挴Like 馃憤 & Share With Your Classmates - ALL THE BEST 馃敟This video lecture of Transportation Problem | North West For the book, you may refer: https://amzn. The Vogel’s Approximation Method is a widely-used algorithm in operations research to determine a cost-effective distribution solution between suppliers and demand points. The potential for employing VAM fungi on a wide scale in agriculture is dependent on the development of crop growth-promoting strains of VAM which are superior to native soil populations of VAM fungi. 5K subscribers Subscribed The method involves finding the penalties for each available row and column by considering the least and second least cost. It works as follows: 1. feasible solution using VAM method 2. com. vogel's approximation method calculator - Finding solution of Transportion problem using vogel's approximation method, step-by-step online This tutorial deals with two techniques for solving transportation problems: the MODI method and Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM). vogel's approximation method example ( Enter your problem ) In this video, you will learn how to minimize the transportation cost using Vogel's approximation method. The procedure for the solutions is illustrated with an example. Nov 26, 2022 路 Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is one of the methods used to calculate the initial basic feasible solution to a transportation problem. In Vogel's approximation method (VAM), the shipping cost is taken into consideration but in a relative sense. Reinfeld and Vogel (1958) developed a method known as Vogelâ 虇A 虂Zs Approximation Method (VAM), which is the most efficient solution procedure for more than five decades, for obtaining an Initial Basic Feasible Solution (IBFS) for the transportation problems (TPs) as it provides a very good IBFS. However, traditional glassmaking techniques can be costly and slow, and 3D-printing glass often results in rough textures, making them unsuitable for smooth lenses. MENGE, J. Traditional methods such as Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) and the Modified Distribution (MODI) Method are widely used to find an initial feasible solution and optimize it, respectively. Vogel's Appr Mar 22, 2018 路 Solution of transportation problem by using VAM Home > Operation Research calculators > Transportation Problem example 3. Sep 9, 2025 路 Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is a technique for finding a good initial feasible solution to an allocation problem. However, VAM is an iterative procedure such that in each In this study, Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) which is one of well-known transportation methods in the literature was investigated to obtain more efficient initial solutions. Larson, and Matthew E. Army Asymmetric Warfare Group has used the Vulnerability Assessment Method (VAM) for a variety of large-scale interagency exercises at the operational and theater levels and previously commissioned a handbook for Apr 19, 2022 路 Versatile and ubiquitous, glass is increasingly found in specialized applications such as fiber optics, consumer electronics and microfluidics for "lab-on-a-chip" devices. Suppose further that his buyers are located in three regions X, Y and Z where he has got to supply them the products. In this research, we have Modified Vogel's Approximation Method (MVAM) to find an initial basic feasible solution for the transportation problem whenever VAM was developed in 1958. The Modi and VAM Methods of Solving Transportation Problems Description: Transportation problems, a core element of operations research, deal with the optimal allocation of resources (often goods) from multiple sources to multiple destinations. 1983. Transportation problem Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) in Amharic Sami Tutorial 18. com/watch?v=ItOuvM2KmD4&list=PLabr9RWfBcn Jul 27, 2022 路 Finding Optimal Solution Using the Stepping Stone Method A typical transportation problem is like this. Download this sample guide to reference what ‘good’ answers look like. Nov 5, 2023 路 Implementation of the Variance-adjusted Mahalanobis (VAM) method, which computes distance statistics and one-sided p-values for all cells in the specified single cell gene expression matrix. Maharajan and Meenakshi (2004) extended the Total Opportunity Cost Ma-trix (TOCM) of Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) and Modified Distribution Method (MODI) are used to solve transportation problems. VAM | Vogel's Approximation Method | In case of Tie | Transportation Problem | Solved by Kauserwise 26:31 Jul 1, 2020 路 In this paper, we suggest a new amendment to (VAM) to find (IBFS) of (TP), which is an iterative method and the results will be near the optimal solution and in some cases equal to the optimal solution. Vogel's method is often sufficiently accurate for practical use and is computationally simpler. Vogel's Appr Three methods North West Corner Method (NWCM), least Cost Method (LCM) and Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) have been used to find initial basic feasible solution for the transportation model. Compute penalties for each row and column based on the difference between the lowest and second lowest costs. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Jun 7, 2007 路 A short-cut approach to solving the transportation problem is the Vogel Approximation Method (VAM), which is a very simple means of performing step 1 of the Transportation Method. S. The column represents the demand centres Mar 4, 2019 路 The Vogel’s Approximation Method or VAM is an iterative procedure calculated to find out the initial feasible solution of the transportation problem. Boyer, RAND Arroyo Center The U. Schnaubelt, Eric B. We proposed a new solving method for transportation problem by using maximization case in Vogel’s Approximation Method. Vogel's Appr VAM is preferred over the other two methods, since the initial basic feasible solution by this method is either optimal or very close to the optimal solution. Because of this, it can often provide considerable time savings over other methods for solving #modimethod #uvmethodHere is the video about Transportation Problem in Modi Method or we can U-V Method using Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), optimal sol Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is a method for solving transportation problems that considers penalties (opportunity costs) associated with not shipping to cells with the lowest costs. The penalty is calculated as the difference between the lowest and Learn MODI and VAM methods to solve transportation problems. Feb 11, 2015 路 Unbalanced | VAM | Transportation Problem | Vogel's Approximation Method In case of Tie | Kauserwise Kauser Wise 136K views 2 years ago GeeksforGeeks | A computer science portal for geeks Feb 20, 2024 路 Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) Vogel’s approximation method is an improved version of the least cost entry method. It includes several examples demonstrating the application of VAM to find optimal transportation costs among power plants and cities, factories, and their capacities and Jun 23, 2018 路 The Vogel Approximation Method [VAM] is an iterative procedure for computing an initial basic feasible solution of a transportation problem. com/playlist?list=PLO-6jspot 1. To overcome these limitations we develop an Improved Vogel’s Approximation Method (IVAM) by correcting these blunders. Link for https://www. Link for • VAM | Vogel's Approximation Method | In ca more UNBALANCED transportation problem using Vogel's Approximation method with an Example by G N Satish KumarIn this video, I have explained solving UNBALANCED Tr Methods for determining what soils are most likely to benefit from applications of VAM fungi are available. However, VAM is an iterative procedure such that in each Apr 13, 2020 路 Vogel's Approximation Method | Transportation Problem | Penalty Method | VAM | MBA | BBA | AKTU DWIVEDI GUIDANCE 667K subscribers Like Topics Covered: Transportation Problems Balanced and Unbalanced Problems Least Cost Method North Corner West Method VAM Method Show some Support and Love :) Paytm: 8800302039 For Notes Go to VAM Prework Guided Steps 1. ly/3rMGcSAThis vi Apr 27, 2020 路 #unbalancedtransportationproblem #vam Here is the video about Transportation Problem using Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), Initial basic feasible solution in operation research, with sample Vogel's Approximation Method for Transportation Problems Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is a heuristic used to find an initial feasible solution for transportation problems in linear programming. The Modi Method and Learn and practice Vogel's Approximation Method for transportation problems with our interactive quiz and flashcards. Having understood what is meant by Transportation problem, next step is to find out initial basic feasible solution of transportation problem. Here is the video about Vogel's approximation Method in case of Tie. ABSTRACT. What do you mean by Vogel’s approximation method? Vogel’s approximation method, i. Consider the below transportation problem. Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is a 3 step process for solving transportation problems: 1) Compute penalties for each row and column based on smallest costs. VAM will teach how to identify the first fundamentally workable solution that minimises the overall cost of a transportation problem. Solution: For each row find the least value and then the second least value and take the absolute difference of these two least values and write it in the corresponding row difference as shown in the image below. Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) for Transportation Problems Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) is a popular technique for finding an initial feasible solution to transportation problems. VAM provides an initial feasible solution that is either optimal or near-optimal by iteratively assigning units based on opportunity costs. In this method, you will identify the first least Endomyco rrhizae include ericaceous mycorrhizae, orchidaceous mycorrhizae and vesicular-arbuscular my-corrhizae (VAM) of which VAM are of relevance to forestry. Step-by-step tutorial with examples for optimal solutions. This application offers a user-friendly interface to input supply, demand, and cost matrices and receive optimal results using VAM. vogel's approximation method example ( Enter your problem ) #vogelsapproximationmethod Here is the video about Transportation Problem in Modi Method or we can U-V Method using Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), optim Learn Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) for solving transportation problems. Workshop Objectives Understand what the vehicle allocation method (VAM) is and how it is supports federal agency fleet management and planning. Apr 13, 2017 路 Transportation Problem | Using Vogle's approximation Method [VAM] | Least Cost Methoid | North West Corner Method | In HIndi | JOLLY Coaching In this video you will able to find the easiest way or The video examines transportation Problem/model: Least Cost method (LCM), North west Corner method, Vogel's Approximation method (VAM), Balanced and Unbalanc Vogels Approximation Method (VAM) and the penalty method are optimization techniques used to solve complex problems. It is designed to reduce the total transportation cost by considering the penalty costs of not choosing the least cost routes, which helps in obtaining a solution that is closer to optimal. Vogel's Approximation Method tackles the problem of finding a good initial solution by taking into account the costs associated with each alternative route, which is something that Northwest Corner Rule did not do. Optimum We observed in above examples that Advanced Vogel鈥焥 Approximation Method (AVAM) gives the lower feasible solution other than Vogel鈥焥 Approximation Method (VAM). This video introduces a Balanced-Type of Transportation Problem which is considered as a special case of Linear Programming. P. , VAM, is one of the methods to find the initial feasible solution to a transportation problem. The three techniques mentioned above are in the increasing order of their solution accuracy. MODI tests the optimality of the initial solution by computing improvement indices for unused squares - if no Jan 30, 2024 路 The Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is an algorithm used to find an initial feasible solution for transportation problems in operations research and linear programming. Least Call Cell Method 3. North West Corner Rule method (or) NWCR method. The study in this paper is to discuss the limitation of Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) and developed an improved algorithm after resolving this limitation for solving transportation problem Mar 1, 2025 路 Vogel's ApproximationMethod | VAM Method |Unbalanced Transportation Problem in Telugu| #OT #DSSM #OR Rama Reddy Maths Academy 439K subscribers 13 The document provides an overview of Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) for solving transportation problems, detailing the steps to calculate initial feasible solutions by determining penalties and allocating resources. Like Least cost Method, here also the shipping cost is taken into consideration, but in a relative sense. The Minimum transportation cost calculates the transfer charge of good from producers to consumers. Operation Research:Transportation Problem:To find initial solution, there are three methods. Let’s consider that a man- ufacturer of refrigerators runs three plants located at different places called A, B and C. In this video, I have explained how to find the OPTIMAL SOLUTION using the MODIFIED DISTRIBUTION Method or MODI Method or UV Method along with VOGEL'S APPROXIMATION METHOD (VAM) in Transportation In this video, you will learn how to find the basic initial feasible solution for a transportation model problem using all the three methods: North West corner method, Least cost method and Vogel Aug 15, 2014 路 Vulnerability Assessment Method Pocket Guide: A Tool for Center of Gravity Analysis by Christopher M. Several examples are presented to illustrate the application of the MODI method for Mar 25, 2024 路 Volumetric Additive Manufacturing (VAM), a relatively new technique first reported in 2017 [14], in part addresses these challenges of traditional additive manufacturing processes. 2. The following is the flow chart showing the steps involved in solving the transportation problem using the Vogel’s Approximation Method Vogel Approximation Method The Vogel approximation method (Unit cost penalty method) is an iterative procedure for computing a basic feasible solution of a transportation problem. VAM Method - V Aug 14, 2014 路 The U. This method takes into account the costs associated with transporting goods from suppliers to consumers and seeks to minimize the overall transportation cost. VAM computes penalties for each row and column to select the cell with the lowest cost to allocate units until constraints are satisfied, producing an initial basic feasible solution. Dec 4, 2019 路 Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) is known as the best algorithm for generating an efficient initial feasible solution to the transportation problem. Here is the video about Least cost cell method transportation problem. This is the second video rela #VOGEL'S APPROXIMATION METHOD#MODI METHOD#TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS Algorithm and examples transportation problem using least cost method Type your data, for seperator you can use space or tab Vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) from Gantrade is a key intermediate used in the manufacture of homopolymers, copolymers, and derivatives for a variety of industry applications. Unlike traditional methods, VAM eliminates poor surface Apr 19, 2018 路 Solving the transportation problem with VAM & MODI methods on corrective degeneracy method The proposed method is unique it gives always optimal solution without disturbance of degeneracy condition. In this study, Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) which is one of well-known transportation methods in the literature was investigated to obtain more efficient initial solutions. The document provides a detailed explanation of the Modified Distribution Method (MODI) for solving transportation problems. Dec 18, 2024 路 This video lecture of BA4201 Quantitative Techniques for Decision Making | Transportation Method will help Engineering and Basic Science students to understand following topic of Mathematics: 1 Vogel Approximation Method (VAM) that generally produces better solutio Step 1: For each row (column) with strictly positive capacity (requirement), determine a penalty by subtracting the smallest unit cost element in the row (column) from the next smallest unit cost element in the same row (column). Steps of northwest corner: Find the north west corner cell (X11) of the transportation Jul 22, 2023 路 Hello everyone, today we are going to solve Unbalanced Transportation Problem using Vogel's Approximation Method with Tie Case. Learn MODI and VAM methods to solve transportation problems. Solution: Step 1: Jul 24, 2019 路 How to Use VAM,MoDi & SSM method with some examples! I write it with the help of various books on Operation Research. Specialized in Accounts, Finance Management, and Aptitude Exams preparation. The powers that be have identified 5 tasks 馃搾鈴〤omment Below If This Video Helped You 馃挴Like 馃憤 & Share With Your Classmates - ALL THE BEST 馃敟Do Visit My Second Channel - https://bit. In this video we discuss How to So 03 Trasportation Problem - Vogel's Approximation Method - ( TP VAM ) Dr Yogesh Gaikwad 4. Perfect for logistics students. This method is used to reduce the transportation costs by interpreting in a mathematical table the transportation costs from one place to another. It aims to find the best method to fulfill the demand of n-demand points using the capacities of m-supply points [7]by applying the renownedmethod i. 2. It aims to achieve a better initial solution by considering the penalty cost associated with not choosing the least cost route. Sep 18, 2020 路 Vogels Approximation Method| In Hindi | Transportation Problems|•Vogels Approximation Method•Transportation ProblemsLinear programming problems solved by gra Find the transportation pattern that will minimize the total of the transportation cost. 3. You will understand everything. The z-p method avoides the degeneracy in the T. The z-p method requires least interations to reach optimality condition as compared to the existing Modi Method. To illustrate the same, we will Jul 21, 2020 路 Definition: The Vogel’s Approximation Method or VAM is an iterative procedure calculated to find out the initial feasible solution of the transportation problem. North West Corner Cell Method (or) North West Corner Rule 2. To apply VAM, we must first compute for each row and column the penalty faced if the second best route is selected instead of the least cost route. Variational principles are applied to the defined functional as well as the asymptotes are applied to the same functional instead #vogelsapproximationmethod #transportationproblem Vogel Approximation Method VAM Definition Vogel Approximation Method is used to find the feasible solution for transportation of goods where the solution is either optimal or near to the optimal solution. Vogel's Appr In this paper, our main objective was to apply transportation cost minimization technique using Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) and Modified Distribution (MoDi method) upon a Bangladeshi LPG cylinder-based company’s transportation data and by doing so we have showed that they can reduce their overall transportation cost upto 25% of their Here is the video about Unbalanced transportation problem -by using Northwest corner cell method, Least cost cell method and Vogel's approximation method (VA Gantrade, a main global supplier of vinyl acetate monomer, answers FAQs on this critical monomer used frequently in paints and coatings, adhesives, & more. . Watch this short video from Sami Lei, our Director of Operations and Strategy as she explains the prework form. Various steps involved in this method are summarized as under Step 1: Calculate the penalties for each row and each column. In this video we have seen how to solve VAM method in case of Tie in Penalty. From the results obt ine 10. We demonstrate that VAM has some limitations and computational blunders. to/3aT4inoSee the below full playlist of Optimization Techniques: https://www. 93K subscribers 105 Jul 19, 2023 路 Here we implemented different types of transportation problems like the northwest corner method, least cost method, Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), and MODI method. Aug 1, 2011 路 Determining efficient solutions for large scale transportation problems is an important task in operations research. It outlines the steps involved in testing for optimality after finding an initial basic feasible solution, including the calculation of dual variables and evaluating opportunity costs. Here is the video about Unbalanced [VAM] Vogel's approximation Method in case of Tie. A variant of VAM was proposed by using total opportunity cost and regarding alternative allocation Dec 25, 2024 路 OPERATION RESEARCH/CHAPTER 3/TRANSPORTATION METHODS/PART 4/Vogel approximation methods VAM Method ETYO MASTER 1. Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is one of the methods used in Home > Operation Research calculators > Transportation Problem example 3. Need help? Email us at: Workshops@Acquisition. Jun 17, 2019 路 This video is about Transportation Problem using Vogels Approximation Method in Tamil The Vogel's Approximation Method / VAM is an iterative procedure calculated to find out the initial feasible Learn how to solve transportation problems using the VAM Method in linear programming. It is compared with VAM on obtained initial CONCLUSION: and compared with Vogel’s approximation method as VAM obtains the best or near optimal solution. Feb 22, 2025 路 Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM) is one of the methods used to calculate the initial basic feasible solution to a transportation problem. Vesicular-orbuscular mycorrhizae have a wide host range unlike ectomycorrhizae. Ship to the cell in the row or column with the largest penalty Jun 1, 2019 路 Vogels Approximation Method | VAM Method| Transportation | Operation Research College Tutor 169K subscribers 284 Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) is the very efficient algorithm to solve the transportation problem for feasible solution which is nearer to optimal solution. These problems, characterized by constraints on supply and demand, aim to minimize total transportation cost or maximize profit. youtube. Understand the step-by-step process, explore a solved example, and solve related problems to master the technique. 3) Recalculate penalties and repeat until all requirements are satisfied. TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM | VAM METHOD| SIMPLE PROBLEM WITH SOLVED| TELUGU edronacharya 987 subscribers Subscribed Jul 12, 2025 路 There are three methods for finding an initial basic feasible solution, NorthWest Corner Method Least Cost Cell Method Vogel's Approximation Method This article will discuss how to optimize the initial basic feasible solution through an explained example. I am solving a linear programming problem for transportation and have to use the VAM method, vogel approximation. Watch this video to grasp the concepts of Operations Research! #maximizationtransportationproblem Here is the video about maximization Transportation Problem in Modi Method or we can say U-V Method using Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), optimal solution in Aug 16, 2022 路 Transportation Problem, Least Cost Method, North West Corner MEthod, VAM Method, Transportation Problem Algorithm, dwivedi guidance quantitative techniques for manager, , aktu mba 2nd semester Nov 25, 2017 路 Explained why it is called penalty method. , Vogel " s Approximation Method (VAM) and check its optimality by applying Modified Distribution (MODI) test method. gtxtxmn itpr zfpjo vvmtgh gln nbccojd xwj arte iil chja